CAR critique

Lesson 2-Isneg

Isneg was derived from a combination of “IS” meaning “recede” and “Uneg” meaning ‘interior’. They lived in the north-western tip of the Cordillera Mountains known us Kalinga-Apayao. They were kind, hospitable, generous, and with self reliance. They have the cultural similarities with us regarding with their characteristics, and main food. But also differ when it comes to ritual practices and their tradition. The Isneg women traditionally give birth in a kneeling position, Imagine how difficult it is if we adopt that kind of living.

Regarding the formation of courtship it is take place in the girls house with the consent of the parents. And if the suitor has become acceptable, he is required to work for the family of the girl. If I would relate this kind of courtship to our living, it was also practiced before with our ancestor but in our modern technology now courtship between the boy and girl take place anywhere and even with out the consent of our parents. Their different practices were good but others were not.

Lesson 3- The Tingguian

The first inhabitant of Abra were the ancestors of the Bontoc and Ifugao, they eventually left to settle in the old mountain province.Other early inhabitants were the Tingguian or Itneg.

The Spanish garrison was established in Bangued to protect Christianized Ilocano from Tingguian raids. Most Tingguians are farmers who tend rice in kaingins and rice terraces. They also weave baskets and blankets. And it was practiced until now. The predominant languages are Ilocano and Tingguian. Abra’s economy is agriculture based,its major crops are rice, corn and root crops;and such commercial produce as coffee, tobacco, and coconut.

Abra;s inhabitants are mostly of the descendants of Ilocano settler and members of the Tingguian tribe. However, due to frequent intermarriages between the two cultures, many Ilocanos today are actually Christianized Tingguians., although many embraced Catholicism. Some Abrans still believe in ancient and supernatural spirits to this day.

Lesson 4-Hudhud

The name Ifugao may also have been derived from the word ”ipugo” which means from the hill. The Ifugaos are subdivided into major subgroups namely, Banaue, Mayaoyao, Kilangan, Hunggduan, Laguaue, Potia and Lamut.

Agriculture is also their main source of livelihood. They harvest rice and a variety of crops and vegetables. They also engage in poultry raising, pottery, weaving and hunting. The Ifugao believe that the universe is divided into five worlds or region, sky world, earth world, the underworld, the downstream region, and the upstream region. All these regions are inhabited by the thousands of deities and spirits, yet there is no supreme duty. The important rituals include the rice planting and rice harvesting rites, agba rites for sickness, hunting rites, prestige rites, marriage rites, death and burial rites.

The American troops spent much effort not only in battles but also in learning the natives culture. The Americans made friends with the natives and appointed them as a leaders in the community and gradual changes in Ifugao’s way of life had been observed, including their manner of dressing, military training, education and the elimination of head hunting practices.

Lesson 5- Oggood

Bontocs refers to the people of the mountain province consist of bthe subprovinces as Ifugao, Bontoc, Apayao, and Kalinga were created out of the original mountain province,namely Benguet, Ifugao,Mountain Province and Kalinga Apayao.

Americans built schools and give scholarships which we also adopt until now. They believe in the anitos or spirits dwelling in nature, but they are essentially monotheistic. And the formation of their courtship take place also in the female dormitory, where the man visits the woman, although the woman may invite the man to the man to spend the night at the female dormitory, there is no intimate relationship unless they are betrothed.

Their main agricultural product is also rice. Pottery and weaving are small scale industries, they also engage in fishing. They have three social classes the traditional rich, the middle class, and the poor. Their important stages life cycles are marked by the feast involving the butchering of pigs, chicken, and water buffaloes.

Lesson 6-Sudsud

Kankanays are the third largest cultural community in the mountain province. They have brown skin, large eyes and prominent cheekbones. They differ from other ethnic group because they specialize incurring illnesses, they can able to talk to spirits, and they can diagnose and treat any kind of illness.

They resisted the Spanish colonization. They practice three types of agriculture: slash-and-burn, terracing for wet rice production, and horticulture. Aside from planting crops fish is their primary source of food, some of them are engage in seasonal or part time jobs, like carpentry and pottery.

Their society so not have formal political leadership, except that which is acknowledge by the virtue of their social class, knowledge of oral tradition, possession of healing powers, knowledge of agricultural rituals and venerable wisdom which comes with age.

Family is their basic social unit. They practice monogamous relationship. Members of the family are expected to do their responsibilities related to economic and ritual activities. Their supernatural world recognizes male and female god features as well as spirits beings.

Lesson 7-Ullalim

Kalinga comes from the common noun “kalinga”, which means “enemy”, “fighter” or “headhunter” in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. They have eight municipalities the Balbalon, Lubuagan, Pasil, Pinukpok, Rizal, Tabuk, Tanudan, and Tingguian. The Spanish authorities created military jurisdictions extending to the mountains of northern Luzon. But when the Americans came, they were able to pacify the mountain people allowing them to practice their tribal life and government. Americans focused on education, health and sanitation and also provide with vocational trainings And the American changed the Kalingas belief there illness were caused by bad spirit and they also practiced the arranged marriage as soon as they born.